AWS Cloud
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the world’s most comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud offering, with millions of global users depending on it every day. To build a sustainable business for our customers and for the world we all share, we’re designing data centers that provide the efficient, resilient service our customers expect while minimizing our environmental footprint—and theirs.
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Our approach
Our sustainability work includes enhancing energy efficiency, transitioning to carbon-free energy, reducing embodied carbon, using water responsibly, driving a circular economy, and enabling sustainability for customers.
Increasing efficiency
At AWS, we focus on efficiency across all aspects of our infrastructure, from the design of our data centers and hardware, to modeling the performance of our operations for continually enhanced efficiency. We are committed to systemically managing our energy consumption and enhancing energy efficiency across our infrastructure and operations, aligning with industry-leading best practices. As we continue to build new data centers, we also seek the optimal balance of energy and water use.
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Our focus on efficiency
By continuously improving our efficiency, we can optimize the amount of energy needed to operate our data centers. AWS has a global Energy Management System program that centralizes and standardizes this work. This program aligns with industry best practices and international standards to help ensure our energy management practices are comprehensive and effective. For further information, including AWS Regions covered in the scope of ISO 50001 certification, see https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/iso-50001-faqs/. AWS owned and operated data centers in Europe also conform with the 2025 Best Practice Guidelines for the European Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency.
In accordance with Article D. 236-3 (V) of the French Energy Code, all AWS operated data centers in France 1) implement an energy management system and are currently ISO 50001 certified, and 2) conform with the 2025 Best Practice Guidelines for the European Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency.
Conformément à l'article D. 236-3 (V) du Code de l'énergie français, tous les centres de données exploités par AWS en France 1) ont mis en place un système de management de l'énergie et sont actuellement certifiés ISO 50001, et 2) se conforment au guide des meilleures pratiques 2025 pour le Code de conduite européen sur l'efficacité énergétique des centres de données.
In accordance with Article D. 236-3 (V) of the French Energy Code, all AWS operated data centers in France 1) implement an energy management system and are currently ISO 50001 certified, and 2) conform with the 2025 Best Practice Guidelines for the European Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency.
Conformément à l'article D. 236-3 (V) du Code de l'énergie français, tous les centres de données exploités par AWS en France 1) ont mis en place un système de management de l'énergie et sont actuellement certifiés ISO 50001, et 2) se conforment au guide des meilleures pratiques 2025 pour le Code de conduite européen sur l'efficacité énergétique des centres de données.
Power usage effectiveness
PUE is a measure of data center efficiency. A lower PUE indicates a more efficient data center and a PUE score of 1.0 is perfect. AWS calculates PUE using the internationally-recognized principles of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in line with our PUE Methodology.
In 2025, our data centers reported an average global PUE of 1.14 which is an improvement compared to 1.15 reported in 2024. This rating is better than both the public cloud industry average of 1.25 and 1.63 for on-premises enterprise data centers, as estimated by the International Data Corporation.+
+IDC, 2H Datacenter Trends: Sustainable Datacenter Builds and CO2 Emissions. Doc # US51911924, January 2025’
Water usage effectiveness
WUE is a data center efficiency metric that measures the volume of water withdrawn per kWh of IT load within a data center. AWS works to minimize water use by using real-time data to identify leaks, leveraging on-site treatment technologies, fine-tuning mechanical cooling operational settings, and utilizing thousands of sensors to detect anomalies to alert operators of inefficiencies.
Global infrastructure teams deploy cloud-based technology in AWS data centers to determine and track efforts to maintain or improve WUE. These efforts have helped AWS achieve a global data center WUE of 0.12 liters of water withdrawn per kilowatt-hour of IT Load (L/kWh) in 2025, more than 7 times better than the industry average.*
*Industry average Withdrawal WUE of 0.84 L/kWh is calculated based on Consumption WUE of 0.56 L/kWh (de Vries-Gao (2025)) and considering cycles of concentration of 3 (Department of Energy BMP #10).
Global infrastructure teams deploy cloud-based technology in AWS data centers to determine and track efforts to maintain or improve WUE. These efforts have helped AWS achieve a global data center WUE of 0.12 liters of water withdrawn per kilowatt-hour of IT Load (L/kWh) in 2025, more than 7 times better than the industry average.*
*Industry average Withdrawal WUE of 0.84 L/kWh is calculated based on Consumption WUE of 0.56 L/kWh (de Vries-Gao (2025)) and considering cycles of concentration of 3 (Department of Energy BMP #10).
See available regions PUE and WUE
The following data includes average PUE and WUE ratings for data center regions operated by AWS between January 1 and December 31 of each year. Data is not available (—) where AWS operated data centers less than 12 months.
AWS PUE and WUE
| Geography | PUE 2022 | PUE 2023 | PUE 2024 | PUE 2025 | WUE 2024 | WUE 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 0.15 | 0.12 |
| Europe | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Middle East | 1.38 | 1.33 | 1.31 | 1.29 | N/A | N/A |
| Africa | 1.36 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.19 | N/A | N/A |
| North America | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
| Central/South America | N/A | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.14 | 0.23 | 0.09 |
| Asia Pacific (excl. China) | 1.26 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.25 | 0.98 | 1.1 |
| China | 1.28 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.25 | N/A | N/A |
AWS Region PUE and WUE
| AWS Region | PUE 2022 | PUE 2023 | PUE 2024 | PUE 2025 | WUE 2024 | WUE 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe (Frankfurt) | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 0.01 | 0.23 |
| Europe (Ireland) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.11 | 1.1 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Europe (London) | -- | -- | -- | 1.23 | -- | 0.12 |
| Europe (Paris) | -- | -- | -- | 1.35 | -- | -- |
| Europe (Spain) | -- | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 0.24 | 0.12 |
| Europe (Stockholm) | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.1 | 1.09 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Middle East (Bahrain) | 1.38 | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.33 | -- | -- |
| Middle East (Tel Aviv) | -- | -- | -- | 1.27 | -- | -- |
| Middle East (UAE) | -- | 1.36 | 1.27 | 1.25 | -- | -- |
| Africa (Cape Town) | 1.36 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.19 | -- | -- |
| Asia-Pacific (Bangkok) | -- | -- | -- | 1.38 | -- | -- |
| Asia-Pacific (Hyderabad) | -- | 1.5 | 1.46 | 1.43 | -- | -- |
| Asia-Pacific (Jakarta) | 1.39 | 1.35 | 1.4 | 1.29 | 2.75 | 2.85 |
| Asia-Pacific (Melbourne) | -- | -- | -- | 1.07 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
| Asia-Pacific (Mumbai) | 1.43 | 1.44 | 1.42 | 1.4 | -- | -- |
| Asia-Pacific (Osaka) | -- | -- | -- | 1.46 | -- | -- |
| Asia-Pacific (Singapore) | 1.33 | 1.3 | 1.32 | 1.3 | 1.68 | 1.57 |
| Asia-Pacific (Sydney) | -- | -- | -- | 1.14 | 0.12 | 0.1 |
| Asia-Pacific (Tokyo) | 1.3 | 1.32 | 1.27 | 1.25 | 0.91 | 1.22 |
| China (Ningxia) | 1.28 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.25 | --- | -- |
| South America (Sao Paulo) | -- | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.14 | 0.23 | 0.09 |
| U.S. East (Northern Virginia) | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 0.12 | 0.06 |
| U.S. East (Ohio) | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 0.1 | 0.06 |
| U.S. West (Northern California) | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 0.51 | 0.39 |
| U.S. West (Oregon) | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 0.16 | 0.12 |
| Canada (Central) | 1.26 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
| Canada (West) | -- | -- | 1.17 | 1.13 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
Efficiency of scale
Our scale allows us to achieve higher resource utilization and energy efficiency than the typical on-premises data center. New data center components are projected to reduce mechanical energy consumption by up to 46% and reduce embodied carbon in the concrete used by 35%. A study released by Accenture and AWS also estimates running optimized workloads on AWS’s infrastructure is up to 4.1 times more efficient than on-premises and can reduce workloads’ carbon footprint by up to 99%.
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Predicting performance
We use advanced modeling methods, such as computational fluid dynamics tools, to optimize our data center design. This allows us to understand how a data center will perform before it’s built, enabling us to optimize for higher reliability and energy efficiency in our systems. Once our data centers are operational, real-time, physics-based models allow us to further improve and optimize our designs. We build these custom models using AWS services and weather datasets from the Amazon Sustainability Data Initiative to predict system performance for our sites and track their performance against how they should be operating.
Cooling efficiency
Cooling is one of the largest sources of energy usage in our data centers and we’re continually innovating in cooling efficiency. We use different cooling techniques depending on the time of year and use real-time sensor data to adapt to changing weather conditions. We’re also working to optimize the longevity and airflow performance of the cooling equipment used in our data center cooling systems.
Power efficiency
One of the most visible ways we’re using innovation to improve power efficiency is our investment in AWS chips.
Power efficiency
One of the most visible ways we’re using innovation to improve power efficiency is our investment in AWS chips.
See how Amazon Web Services is enabling sustainability solutions.
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Carbon-free energy
We're proud that 100% of electricity consumed by Amazon was matched with renewable energy sources in 2024, for the second consecutive year.
Explore carbon-free energy
Explore carbon-free energy
Reducing embodied carbon
We’re focused on reducing the indirect emissions associated with building AWS data centers and the manufacturing of our hardware.
